II. Report from coordinators
  1. Gene symbols for dwarfness

0. KAMIJIMA, T. TANISAKA and T.KINOSHITA

1) Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657, Japan

2) Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan

3) Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan

Various kinds of dwarf mutants have been reported since the review of the rice gene system (Nagao 1951). Usually dwarfness is denoted as the reduction of plant height at maturity. However, the degree of reduction varies according to the effects of different dwarfing genes and there is a quite large variation caused by the interaction with genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions. Although it is known that most dwarfing genes exhibit their pleiotropic effects for tillering, grain size, panicle type and other characters, so-called semidwarfness can be used for practical breeding because of its favorable effects for lodging resistance and fertilizer response.

Following the review by Futsuhara et al. (1986), the authors attempted to introduce the latest information of dwarfing genes. Two gene symbols, d and sd are used in this report following the rule proposed by RGC. The genetic data since 1986 are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Genetic data related to dwarfing genes since 1986

Gene

Name

Chromosome

Reference

dl

daikoku dwarf

5

Mitsunaga et al. 1994

d2

ebisu dwarf

1*

ldeta et al. 1994b

d9

Chinese dwarf

6

Kinoshita & Takamure 1990

d10

kikeibanshinriki or toyohikaribunwai tillering dwarf

1

Iwata et al. 1989b

d12

(d50)

yukara dwarf or fukei 71 dwarf

-

Murai et al. 1990

dl8

 

 

d20

 

 

d30

 

d32

 

d33

 

 

d35(t)

 

d54

hosetsu-waisei or akibare dwarf and kotaketamanishiki dwarf/d18-h, dl8-k

 

hayayuki dwarf

 

 

waisei-shirasasa dwarf

 

dwarf Kyushu-4

 

bonsaito dwarf

 

 

tanginbozu dwarf

 

dwarf Kyushu-5

3

 

 

2

 

 

2

 

1

 

2

 

 

-

 

1*

Suge 1990

 

 

Takamure & Kinoshita 1991 Takamure el al. 1991

 

Iwata et al. 1989a

 

Iwata et al. 1989a

 

Morishima 1990

Ishikawa et al. 1991a,b

 

Suge 1990

 

Iwata et al. 1989b

 

20 Rice Genetics Newsletter Vol. 13

Continued

Gene

Name

Chromosome

Reference

d55

dwarf Kyushu-6

1*

Iwata et al 1989b

d58

small grained dwarf

6

Takamure & Kinoshita 1986, 1991,1994, Takamure 1994

d59(t)

dwarf (DM 107-4)

-

d60

dwarf (Hokuriku 100)

7*

Tomita et al. 1989, Tanisaka et al. 1990

sdl [d47(t)]

dee-geo-woo-gen dwarf

1

Kikuchi & Ikehashi 1986 Tsai 1991b,c Tanisaka et al 1994 Murai et al. 1995 Nakamura et al. 1995

sd5

semidwarf-5(Short Labell)

-

Mckenzie & Rutger 1986

sd6(t)

semidwarf-6(R-34)

-

Hu 1987

sd7(t)

semidwarf-7 (D65-31 )

5*

Tsai 1989,1991a

sd8(t)

semidwarf-8(AB-60e'-3)

-

Tsai 1994

sd9(t)

semidwarf-9(Ginbozu)

Tanisaka et al 1994

sd(t)

semidwarf

-

Tanaka et al. 1992

sd(t)

semidwarf(Fujisaka 5 go)

-

Yabu et al. 1994

sdg

semidwarf(BRGPC)

5*

Zhu & Xie 1989 Linag et al 1994

- Chromosome on which the gene locates is unknown.

* Location on the chromosome is unknown.

(1) New genes in d-series

From the dwarfing genes mentioned in d-series by Takahashi and Kinoshita (1974), d36 d41, d43 d46 and d48 were deleted because of lack of their gene sources in Rice Genetics Stock Centers. Since 1986, three d-genes, namely d58, d59 and d60 were registered to RGC after an examination for priority and validity. Further, it was shown that d50 (Fukei 71 dwarf) was identical or allelic to dl2 (Yukara dwarf) (Murai et al. 1990). Therefore, only dl2 is left instead of d50. According to Ideta et al. (1994b), the locus of d2 (ebisu dwarf) was transferred to chromosome I from chromosome 4 depending on trisomic analyses and linkage relations with RFLP markers. (2) New genes in sd-series

As pointed out by Futsuhara et al. (1986), the mutants described as sd and d are difficult to be distinguished from each other when influenced by genetic backgrounds and environments. However, sd-series are left, because semidwarfing mutants are important in rice breeding and sd symbols are commonly used by many scientists. Five genes

Report of Committee on Gene Symbolization 21

from sd5 to sd9 were newly registered. Tsai (1991c) found a new allele at sdl locus named as sdl-a which is dominant over sdl. Tanisaka et al. (1994) also detected that two kinds of semidwarfing genes were responsible for a short-culm mutant, HS90 which was induced from Ginbozu by gamma-ray irradiation. One of them was identical with or allelic to sdl (tentatively named as sdl-h), while the other, which was derived from the original variety Ginbozu, was non-allelic to sdl and named as sd9(t). As Ginbozu and its derivative varieties have often been used as a parent in cross-breeding of Japanese rice, sd9(t) seemed to be widely distributed among Japanese varieties including Nipponbare and Koshihikari. Tsai (1989; 1991a; 1994) induced two kinds of new mutants from Taichung 65 by X-ray irradiation and identified single recessive genes, sd7(t) and sd8(t) from these mutants, respectively. Non-allelic relation was proved between them, and these genes were independent with sdl. The both genes are responsible for shortening of the second to the fifth internodes moderately and sd8(t) seems to increase spikelets per panicle. Further, new semidwarfing gene or genes were responsible for so-called 'Bush-Rapid-Growth' plant type and tentatively named as sdg genes (Zhu and Xie 1989). The gene could be integrated and coordinated with sdl to improve plant type and yield adaptability in Chinese varieties. It is known that one sdg is located at 4.3 cM to RZ182 on chromosome 5 (Liang et al. 1994).

For unregistered genes, prompt registration in accordance with rules which were approved by RGC (see RGN 3; p.4-5, 1986) is required.

(3) Nomenclature

Because the number of dwarfing genes exceeded 60, it is quite difficult to remember the difference among the genes named as d-numbers. Kinoshita (1989; 1995) made a trial to classify dwarf types into small grain dwarf, tillering dwarf, malformed dwarf and semidwarf. However, various deformities produced by dwarfing genes and their diversified phenotypes make an appropriate classification difficult. On the occasion of the Third International Rice Genetics Symposium, dwarfness coordinators, Drs. Futsu-hara, Kikuchi and Rutger discussed this problem and decided to follow the present use of the two symbols (d and sd) for time being.

(4) Gene tagging

Recently a number of molecular markers have been located on linkage maps and they are named according to the saturated molecular map. By using molecular markers flanking the important genes, it is possible to proceed with marker-based gene cloning and marker-aided selection. In the eleven kinds of dwarfing genes (dl, d2, d5, d6, dll, dl8, d27, d30, d33, sdl and sdg), various linkage relations with molecular markers are detected as shown in Table 2. Fine mapping including sdl locus by using RG220, RG109 (RFLP), V10 (RAPD) and Estl-2 (Esterase) will contribute to the progress in marker-aided selection in rice breeding (Cho et al. 1994 a,b; Maeda et al. 1995).

Lately, several genes responsible for gibberellin biosynthesis were cloned and analyzed for their function using dwarf mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Chasan 1995). In rice, the content of endogenous gibberellins and the response to gibberellin treatment were surveyed in several dwarf types (Shinbashi et al. 1975; Suge

22 Rice Genetics Newsletter Vol. 13

Table 2. List of dwarf genes tagged to molecular markers

Gene

Name Chromosome

Locus

Reference

dl

daikoku dwarf

5

near XNpbl05

Ideta et al. 1994a

d2

ebisu dwarf

1

15.6cM to XNpb359 and

25.4cM to C955

ldeta et al. 1994b

d5

bunketsu-waito

tillering dwarf

2

near RG256

Ideta et al. 1992,1995

d6

ebisumochi dwarf

7

near XNpb50

Ideta et al. 1994a

dll

shinkane-aikoku or

nohrin 28 dwarf

4

11.0cM to XNpb49 and 11.6cMtoXNpbll4

near CD0456

Yoshimura et al. 1992

 

Yu et al. 1992,1995

dl8

kotaketamanishiki dwarf

1

4.1cM to XNpb96

Yoshimura et al. 1992

d27

bunketsuto tillering dwarf

11

2.6cM to pTA818 and

3.7cM to CD0520 near RZ141,RZ537

Abenes et al. 1994

 

Yu et al. 1992,1995

d30

waisei-shirasasa dwarf

2

near XNpb227

close to RG256

ldeta et al. 1992

Yu et al. 1992,1995

d33

bonsaito dwarf

12

7.5cM to XNpbl48 and

19.5cM to XNpb248

Kishimoto et al. 1992

sdl

dee-geo-woo-gen dwarf

1

nearCD0962,CD0251

2.5cM to XNpb363

0.8cM to RG220 and Estl2

0.3M to RG220 and

0.6cM to V105oo

Yu et al. 1992, 1995

Ogi et al. 1993

Cho et al. 1994a,b

Maeda et al. 1995

sdg

semidwarf(BRGPC)

5

4.3cM to RZ182

Liang et al. 1994

(Kinoshita 1995)

1978, 1990; Mitsunaga et al. 1994). Effects of some dwarfing genes on cellular characters were also investigated (Kamijima 1991; Nishikubo et al. 1996). Thus, the genes for dwarfness can be effectively used for studies of morphogenesis and physiological phenomena of rice. (Gene symbol: New system)

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24 Rice Genetics Newsletter Vol. 13

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