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Maize has an estimated 50,000-60,000 genes along 2.5 billion base pairs in 10 chromosomes. In comparison rice has about 40,000 non-transposable elements (genes/ loci), located on 400 Mbp in 12 chromosomes. Large regions in the maize genome do not contain genes - therefore sequencing efforts will be focused only on the gene-containing regions.
As a part of the Maize Sequencing project, the Maize Genome Browser at www.maizesequence.org was created to display annotated BAC clones and other data assembled in the process of sequencing and mapping. This browser provides entry points to the maize genome by searching or browsing by sequence accession, physical position, genetic position, and by conserved synteny with rice. Displayed features include predicted genes, markers, repeats, and expressed and conserved regions. A BLAST engine is also available.
The genome browser operates at three levels of genomic resolution. In MapView, the highest, most global perspective, the genome is displayed at the fingerprint contig level (based on the July 2005 release of the AGI (Arizona Genomics Institute) agarose FPC map). The maize core bin map is displayed alongside the physical map and the density of markers, clones, and accessioned BACs provide an overview of genome organization as well as progress of the Project. CytoView provides detailed visualization of the AGI physical map. BAC clones, hybridized markers (including many classes of overgos), and simple sequence repeats are displayed here. Sequenced clones in GenBank are color-coded depending on their source and level of annotation. This view also serves as a launching point for ContigView, which displays the genome at the nucleotide level of resolution. ContigView is provided for clones that have reached HTGS_IMPROVED status and for clones publicly available outside of the current project. It displays primary sequence annotations such as ab initio gene prediction (FGeneSH), repeats, and alignment to EST, cDNA, and GSS sequences. In the future, ContigView will also serve as a launching point to view secondary annotations such as comparative maps (CMap), orthologue/paralogue/synteny analysis (Compara), and protein sequence characterization (Interpro/GO).
 | www.maizesequence.org is an extension to Gramene and replaces the maize views previously made available. It provides visual enhancements, such as a universal navigation bar, highlighted FPC clone-marker associations, and vertical shading of sequenced contigs and improved regions within BACs. Automated annotation of improved BACs is performed frequently in close collaboration with Gramene gene builds. Comprehensive deep links between Gramene and the maize browser provide for a seamless genome browsing experience. The Maize Sequencing Consortium is composed of investigators from the Washington University School of Medicine, Genome Sequencing Center at St. Louis (lead institution), the Arizona Genome Institute, Iowa State University and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This project is supported by a joint grant from the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy, with the mission to sequence the maize genome, to finish the gene space of the genome, and to anchor the assembled sequence to the genetic map. |
Article contributions by Sandra W. Clifton, Assistant Director, Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, and Shiran Pasternak, Project Manager, www.maizesequence.org, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Gramene’s Genetic Diversity databases contain genetic data (i.e. SNPs, SSRs, sequences), phenotypic data (i.e. trait measurements), environment data (i.e. planting location, experiment), and germplasm data (i.e. stock, pedigree, passport). Currently three crops (maize, wheat, and rice) are stored with varying amounts of those data types. Several web-based tools provide access to these cereal databases to meet the needs of many users. In instances where more complex queries are required, Gramene’s Diversity Advanced Search (www.gramene.org/diversity/gramene_gdpc.html) gives users more flexibility when retrieving data.
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Short example to get started…
• Go to the Diversity Advanced Search (www.gramene.org/diversity/gramene_gdpc.html)
• Click on “Get Maize Diversity Data.” NOTE: This may take a few minutes the first time.
• When it asks “Do you want to run the application?”, click “Run.” The application should start-up and show that it is connected to “Gramene Diversity Maize Database.”
• Each labeled tab corresponds to a type of data that you can retrieve. First go to the tab labeled “Taxa.”
• Check the box next to “Germplasm Type,” and then select the germplasm type “Inbred.” Also, check the box next to “Source,” and then select the source “CIMMYT.”
• Then click “Get Data” to retrieve all inbred taxa with source CIMMYT.
• Next go to the tab labeled “Loci.”
• Check the box next to “Chromosome Name,” and then select chromosome name “1.”
• Click “Get Data” to retrieve all loci on chromosome 1.
• Next click on the tab labeled “Genotype Experiments.”
• The list labeled “Locus (working list)” will contain all the loci that you retrieve in the previous steps. Highlight all the loci in this list by first clicking (to highlight) any of the loci. Then press <Ctrl> <a> to select all loci in the list.
• Check the box next to “Polymorphism Type,” and select polymorphism type “SNP.”
• Click “Get Data” to retrieve all the genotype experiments associated with loci on chromosome 1 designed to score SNPs.
• Next click on the tab labeled “Genotypes.” Items in both lists “Taxa (working list)” and “Genotype Experiment (working list)” result from the actions above. All items in both lists should already be highlighted.
• Click “Get Data” to retrieve all genotypes for the given taxa and genotype experiments.
Please feel free to experiment with other functionally of the Advanced Search. Notice that some search criteria may result in very large data sets, causing long wait times. Send any problems to tmc46@cornell.edu.
Article contributed by Terry M. Casstevens, Institute for Genomic Diversity, and Edward S. Buckler, USDA-ARS, Institute for Genomic Diversity
Genetic Diversity and Origin of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) Populations Found in North-eastern China Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers. Cao et al. Annals of Botony (Lond). 2006 Dec; 98(6):1241-52. Epub 2006 Oct 20.
AgBase: a unified resource for functional analysis in agriculture. McCarthy et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006; 0:gkl936v1-D5.Functional Classification, Genomic Organization, Putatively cis- Acting Regulatory Elements, and Relationship to Quantitative Trait Loci, of Sorghum Genes with Rhizome-Enriched Expression. Jang et al. Plant Physiol. 2006; 142:1148-1159.
The molecular genetics of crop domestication. Doebly et al. Cell , 2006, 127, pp.1309-1321
Genomic imprinting, methylation and molecular evolution of maize Enhancer of zeste (Mez) homologs. Haun et al. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology , 2007, 49, pp.325-337.
Enrichment of gene-coding sequences in maize by genome filtration. Whitelaw et al. Science , 2003, 302, pp.2118-2120.
Maize genome sequencing by methylation filtration. Palmer et al. Science , 2003, 302, pp.2115-2117.
Ensembl 2007. Hubbard et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 00, Database issue D1–D8.
The TIGR Rice Genome Annotation Resource: improvements and new features. Ouyang et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 00, Database issue D1–D5.
Wheat is a significant global crop, in part because it is adapted to many soil types, has a short growing season, offers good yield, and grows well in fairly dry and mild climates (although the highest yielding crops require optimal growing conditions) (see figure for 5-year average yield differences in top-growing countries). Global production has been steadily increasing, but the amount of land used globally to produce that wheat has remained level since 1961, indicating an increase in yield per hectare.
For more information on wheat and other species, see the Gramene Species Pages at www.gramene.org/species.
Last modified: Wed Sep 12 14:35:39 2007
